Since 2013 Designers of C60 Fullerenes in Organic Ayurvedic Powders. Blenders of C60 in plant oils.
  • HQ
    • Welcome
    • UNIVERSAL LAW -SEVEN PRINCIPLES
    • HELIX12 HQ
    • Global Health Crisis (USA)
    • WHAT IS DNA?
    • History & Cause of Cancer
    • Chemistry Hall of Fame - C60 A Winning Essay C60 - Carbon's 'Missing Link' >
      • Design and Synthesis of Novel [60] Potential HIV Aspartic Protease Inhibitors
    • Contact Us
  • Helix12 Healing
  • C60
    • FULLERENES - Where Do They Come From? >
      • How Fullerenes may Benefit the Brain - Alzheimers & Neurology
      • Fullerenes - Remedy of the 21 st Century
      • Fullerenes - Structure & Bonding
      • Fullerene Nanowhiskers
      • Fullerenes & Early Cancer Trials Success
      • Uses of Fullerenes - Recent History & Links
    • Chemistry Hall of Fame - C60 A Winning Essay C60 - Carbon's 'Missing Link'
    • Health Benefits of C60 For Humans
    • Shungite - Miracle Stone >
      • Fullerene content in Shungite
      • Design and Synthesis of Novel [60] Potential HIV Aspartic Protease Inhibitors
      • Shungite - Metaphysical Properties & Composition
      • Shungite - Metaphysical & Healing Properties
    • Paradoxes in Science
    • Nanoparticles: Pharmacological and Toxicological Significance
    • Astrobiology >
      • UNIVERSAL LAW -SEVEN PRINCIPLES
      • Rapid Earth Cooling - Solar Minimum
  • GSH
    • What is Glutathione? >
      • Glutathione - The Secret's Out >
        • The Glutathione Rich Lifestyle >
          • Antioxidant and Redox Regulation
          • Antioxidants & Redox Signalling (ARS)
          • The GSH Phenomenon
          • Glutathione - The Genetic Connection
          • Glutathione & Chinese Herbs
          • Shilajit #1 Ayurvedic on Earth >
            • Shilajit for Anti Aging
            • Shilajit - Wonder Medicine of Ayurveda
            • Fulvic Acid - Glutathione Accelerator
          • Chinese Medicinal Herbs >
            • Amino Acids Peptides & Proteins
          • MIRACLE MOLECULE
          • Fulvic Acid - Glutathione Enhancer
          • Humans Detoxify >
            • Antioxidants >
              • Antioxidant and Redox Regulation
              • Fulvic Acid & Cancer - Important
              • Antioxidants & Redox Signalling (ARS)
              • Telomere Science
              • Epigenetics - DNA is NOT Destiny >
                • The Water Crisis >
                  • Alkaline Water vs Hydrogen Water
                  • What is ORP?
              • D-Ribose - Cellular Gift
              • Peptide Nucleic Acids
              • Peptides 5 things U didnt know
            • Astragalus - Glutathione Super Herb
            • Fulvic Acid - Master Tri-peptide
            • Fucoidan - Stem Cell Booster
            • Rye Flower Miracle Pollen
            • Bee Pollen History & Facts
            • BIO AFA - Phanizomenon-Flos-Aquae
            • Alpha PSP (Polysaccharide) from RICE
            • Herbs >
              • Ayurvedic Herbs >
                • Herbs >
                  • A to Z Natures Herbs
                  • A TO Z HERBS CATEGORIES
                  • Milk Thistle - Liver King
                  • Rhodiola Rosea
                  • Turmeric - Curcumin
                • Ashwagandha & Integrative Oncology
                • Shilajit - The Gift from Mother Earth
                • Alchemy >
                  • UNIVERSAL LAW -SEVEN PRINCIPLES
                  • Soma - Ancients Sacred Mix >
                    • Ancient Medical Knowledge
                  • Universal Encyclopedia
                  • Modern Alchemy >
                    • From Alchemy to Chemistry
                  • Solfeggio Frequencies
                  • Sacred Sounds & Frequencies
                  • Healing Wisdom of Sacred Geometry >
                    • Flower of Life - Sacred Geometry Pattern of the Universe
                    • Sacred Geometry - Hidden Energy Science
                  • What are the Wands of Horus?
                  • The Emerald Tablets
              • Fungus >
                • Chaga Mushroom King
                • Trametes Versicolor Mushroom
                • Cordyceps Mushroom
                • Shitake Mushrooms
              • Diabetes - Spices & Foods that Cure >
                • Diabetes - Ayuruvedic Treatments
                • Diabetes Cure - Fossil Miracle
                • TYPE II Diabetes Treatments
                • Diabetes Mushroom - Reishi
            • Diatoms
      • What Depletes Glutathione?
      • Glutathione: Biochemistry, Mechanisms of Action and Biotechnological Implications
  • Science
    • Space Weather
    • Universal Encyclopedia
    • Unified Field Theory in Layman's Terms
    • UNIVERSAL LAW -SEVEN PRINCIPLES
    • POSTS
    • HELIX12 HQ
    • Rapid Earth Cooling - Solar Minimum
    • Timendi causa est nescire - Seneca "Ignorance is the cause of fear."
    • Latest News Earth Changes Live Feed
  • ENERGY
    • UNIVERSAL LAW -SEVEN PRINCIPLES
    • Energy Types
    • Energy Beyond ATP
    • Orgone >
      • How to make Orgonite
      • Orgon Energy Devices
    • Types of Energy Healing >
      • Sacred Sounds & Frequencies >
        • Quartz Crystals
        • About Geomagnetic Reversal and Poleshift

Nanoparticles: Pharmacological and Toxicological Significance

With Thanks to :
C Medina
, M J Santos-Martinez, A Radomski, O I Corrigan, & M W Radomski
Author information
Article notes
Copyright and License information

Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Mar; 150(5): 552–558.
Published online 2007 Jan 22. doi:  10.1038/sj.bjp.0707130
Picture
Picture

Abstract Nanoparticles are tiny materials (<1000 nm in size) that have specific physicochemical properties different to bulk materials of the same composition and such properties make them very attractive for commercial and medical development. However, nanoparticles can act on living cells at the nanolevel resulting not only in biologically desirable, but also in undesirable effects. In contrast to many efforts aimed at exploiting desirable properties of nanoparticles for medicine, there are limited attempts to evaluate potentially undesirable effects of these particles when administered intentionally for medical purposes. Therefore, there is a pressing need for careful consideration of benefits and side effects of the use of nanoparticles in medicine. This review article aims at providing a balanced update of these exciting pharmacological and potentially toxicological developments. The classes of nanoparticles, the current status of nanoparticle use in pharmacology and therapeutics, the demonstrated and potential toxicity of nanoparticles will be discussed.

Keywords: nanoparticles, nanotechnology, nanopharmacology, nanotoxicologyGo to:IntroductionNanotechnology, as defined by the United States (US) Nanotechnology Initiative, is ‘the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1–100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications'. In the last decade, engineered nanoparticles have become an important class of new materials with several properties that make them very attractive for commercial development. In fact, they have been increasingly used for manufacturing diverse industrial items such as cosmetics or clothes and for infinite applications in electronics, aerospace and computer industry. In addition, as the need for the development of new medicines is pressing, and given the inherent nanoscale functions of the biological components of living cells, nanotechnology has been applied to diverse medical fields such as oncology and cardiovascular medicine. Indeed, nanotechnology is being used to refine discovery of biomarkers, molecular diagnostics, and drug discovery and drug delivery, which could be applicable to management of these patients. The National Institutes of Health (USA) reviewing the use of nanotechnology in human diseases introduced the term of ‘nanomedicine' to describe such applications. To achieve these aims, nanotechnology strives to develop and combine new materials by precisely engineering atoms and molecules to yield new molecular assemblies on the scale of individual cells, organelles or even smaller components, providing a personalized medicine (Jain, 2005a, 2005b). Personalized medicine is individualized or individual-based-therapy which allows the prescription of precise treatments best suited for a single patient (Jain, 2002).

In the last few years, several pharmacological companies won approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US for the use and development of nanotechnology-based drugs. Obviously, the costs of this new technology are extremely high. Today, US $9 billion are spent per year all over the world in nanotechnology (Service, 2004). Indeed, the US and Japan will spend an estimated US $6.7 billion until 2008 for research and technological development in this field. As nanotechnology is undergoing such explosive expansion in many areas, even poorer developing countries have also decided that this new technology could represent a considered investment in future economic and social well-being that they cannot ignore.

Contact